Memorable Movements

The enjoyable event I would like to talk here is the spring outing activity that happened on my middle school stage. At that time, my classmates and me were most about twelve or thirteen years old, not more than fourteen. We had our spring outing on one sunny saturday. Accompanyed by laughters and singings, we marched towards our destination on bikes. The destination was located on a foot of a mountain, where there were a lot of tall trees and a river pass by. We caught several fishes from the river, and picked up some branches from the small grove. Besides that, we also constructed oursleves cooking stove. There were so many joyful things happening, that I can not tell you all of them. One thing I remember deeply is the simple noodle cooking. Several classmates with me took charge of cooking noodle; unfortunately, we are all not good cooks at that age, we even do not know the correct order to cook a bowl of noodle. So we put all the vegetables and noodles as well as some beefs into the water together before it boiled. After that we also try to stir it just like our parents did at home. When all our work finished, our classmates began to enjoy our food. Can you imagine the scene, green noodles,over-fried fishes, luckily, the taste were not bad, even we could say fairly tasty. Apart from that, we still had some sweet potatoes being well cooked. All of the food were eaten out quickly, including our green noodles. Even nowadays when I cook noodles it will remind me of this spring outing, I think the reason why I remember it deeply is probably it is the first time I cooked food, while it received an unexpected welcome. Moreover, personally, I believe the green noodles are quite attractive visually. I enjoy my time at school greatly, there are my best friends, my lovely teachers, and interesting knowlege. Each holiday I can not help expecting the coming of the new semester. I would be willing to introudce it to others, as it indeed is a good place for studing and living. In fact, it is so famous and popular in our local area that almost everyone knows it and eagers to be admitted by it without any others' recommendation. Nowadays, the competition to enter it is more ane more intense.

The factory farms normally hold a large number of animals

Factory farming can be perceived as an enterprising activity that is aimed at increasing the animals' productivity at the lowest cost   possible so as to increase the profit margins while meeting the huge market demands.The factory farms normally hold a large number of animals, and mostly cows, pigs, chickens and also turkeys indoors, and the purpose of holding these animals is to produce milk, meat and eggs at the cost effective production level. A wide range of artificial applications are practiced in order to improve the animals' health and production and they include   the application of growth hormones, vitamin supplements and also the use of antimicrobial agents.Due to the large number of animals within a small area, their movements and actions are restricted as these movements and actions are considered to be unnecessary, as the main objective of the farm is to increase productivity which will definitely imply high profits.The breeding of these animals while in factory far ms is controlled by limiting the animals to the production of certain breeds which are likely to be productive depending on the manipulated genetically compositions.The paper emphases on the various practices in the factory farms on animals and their impact on the animals, the environment and also the effect on humanity as the consumers of these products. The paper ends by giving the possible measure that can be put in place to correct evils of factory farms if any as identified in the following arguments.The treatment of animals in factory farms can be perceived as being unfair if the animals are to be regarded as living things which are liable to respond to irritations and other stimuli. The animals that are held in the factory farms are treated unfairly at the expense of the farm owners trying to maximize their profits, hence treating animals like just production units.The animals in factory farms   which are held for the production of meat, eggs and milk are subjected to anima l abuse, genetic compositions are alterations to produce the desired breeds with high productivity levels, they are over crowded and confined in cages which restricts their movements and certain behavioral actions, they are subjected to cruel mutilation, they are handled in a harsh manner, neglected, and they are slaughtered in an inhumane manner (Seitz 216).All the above mentioned unfair treatment of the animals in factory farms has been occurring and is certain to continue increasing as the demand for the products from these animals increase.This scenario of animal abuse has been enabled by the fact that there is no federal   legal protection for these animals like in the case of dogs and cats where these acts are likely to be illegal, which portrays the biasness in the application of law (Francione & Watson 145).The farm animals are equivalent to dogs and cats who are cherished as champions as they less sensitive, intelligent and responsive to pain than the dogs and cats thus t hey need a fair treatment.The animals that are kept in cages, are deprived their freedom to move and also the liberty to exercise, and rather their energies are preserved so as to increase their productivity (Armstrong and Botzler 180). The animals are fed with drugs with an aim of fattening them faster and getting genetically manipulated to grow faster, produce a lot of milk than they can produce naturally and also the laying of eggs made quicker and the quality of eggs ensured.This treatment of the factory farm animal is unfair because it is likely to impose stress on the animals making them to develop some behaviors which are not natural because they are over strained to meet a given production level which is high above the natural level, thus over capacity utilization.This situation also posses the risk of loosing the indigenous breeds due to the genetic manipulation, which eliminates the indigenous traits in animals.There is also a risk of a certain species of animal going into extinction as the genetically modified animals are meant for some specific purposes like the production of meat, egg or milk, while ignoring to consider the future existence of these animals because these genetically modifications are meant to meet the immediate need for profit maximization and not considering the possibilities for the animals to ensure generational progress, without forgetting side effects inherent in the manipulations which might come up later in the future generations including the infertility of the animals (Kistler 90).

Participation in Extracurricular Activities Essay

The topic chosen for this Internal Assessment is â€Å"To What Extent Does Participation in Extracurricular Activities Impact on Academic Success of Form 6 Students?† PURPOSE OF RESEARCH/ BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM: After casually observing my classmates’ grades, I have seen that some of them who participate in extracurricular activities prosper in their academics whereas some that do not participate in any, seem to fall behind and also, I have observed the exact opposite. This has led me to suspect that there is a researchable problem in which I will aim to evaluate the extent to which participation in extracurricular activities impact on academic success of Form 6 students. Furthermore, this research will serve to guide students as to where to allocate their time, in relation to extracurricular activities, so they may attain better school grades. Although many studies have been conducted on the impact of extracurricular activities on academic success, my research is specifically directed to Form Six students of a particular school, St. Joseph’s Convent, St. Joseph. Most Form Six students are involved in one or more extracurricular activity, whether it is in school or outside of school. And now that we are in a critical stage in our academic development, sitting the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination, it is important to understand the value that extracurricular activities plays in helping us achieve academic success. EDUCATIONAL VALUE: This research shows a great deal of educational value. Extracurricular activities are seen as extremely important by many universities and are a requirement when applying. My study will explain why extracurricular activities are so important to the development of a student, in particular, their academic results. It will investigate and analyse the impacts extracurricular activities have on academic success from which students and their guardians can review the findings and may benefit from the information provided. It is hoped that everyone who reads my research will come away with a better understanding as to the importance of extracurricular activities and its’ impacts on academic success. TECHNICAL TERMS: 1. Extracurricular Activity- activities that impart knowledge or skill not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum. 2. Impact – influence; effect. 3. Academic Success: Favorable or prosperous results relating to education or scholarship. 4. Participation – the fact of taking part, as in some action or attempt RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 1. Is there any correlation between extracurricular activities and academic results? 2. What are the positive and negative impacts of extracurricular activities on students’ academics? 3. How much time spent doing extracurricular activities is most ideal for the average student? 4. Are there certain types of extracurricular activities that impact academic success more than others?

Describe at least three different ways in which ethnography as a Essay

Describe at least three different ways in which ethnography as a research methodology and - Essay Example The three issues are of great importance to the African countries, because they directly influence the sociopolitical and economic development processes. The position of African women in political environment is a key cultural aspect. As from mid 1980s and early 1990s, women centered bodies have increasingly expanded operations and resources. Thus, women have been given adequate opportunities of illustrating and safeguarding their interests. Women are responsible for the unprecedented increase in the local and national women bodies, and also enhancing networking in the African continent. In majority of African countries, women organizations aggressively utilize the media to create awareness on their rights, in levels that were not seen before the 1980s. In certain African constituencies, women have illustrated their rights in terms of land ownership, property inheritance, and associational autonomy in the legal system. This is a very significant improvement in women welfare, which was rarely realized in the periods before the 1980s. Women leaders and many women organizations in Africa continuously challenge the laws, rules and legisl ations, which do not adhere to the concept of gender equality. Women leadership aims at effectively participating in the affairs of governance, legislation, political parties, non-governmental organizations, and the leadership positions in the private sectors of African countries (Cobbett, 2014). The key leadership positions in these areas were previously a reserve for the male members of the society. Therefore, women have effectively utilized the emerging political openings, which were realized mostly during the 1990s, even though the openings are insufficient and challenging. The second aspect of female activism in Africa is unique from the first activism realized during the early post independence period. The reasons for the changes are diverse as illustrated through; multi-partyism activities,

Cultural Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Interview - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the ethnic diversity at the workplace in the United States. In this case, ethnic diversity entails the employment of individuals without discriminating them on the basis of their ethnic background. Companies in the United States are supposed to employ a diverse workforce in order to understand the demographics of their clients. This will substantially increase their market and attract more customers. The jurisdiction in the United States is committed to protecting individuals from all forms of discrimination. According to the employees at Murray State University there interface between individuals is extremely crucial in enhancing respect and reducing biases at the workplace. In most workplace settings, the employees are faced with ethnic differences. After carrying out an interview with Raman Shaman who is Indian employee based in the United States, Shaman supported the aspect of ethnic diversity in the workplace setting. The details of the interview are presented below. Shaman: Diversity is all about employing different individuals in the business setting in order to enhance the business demographics. I am diverse because I strive to work with individuals from different ethnic backgrounds and coping with their diverse nature. Shaman: I would describe my ethnic background as understanding because; according to my understanding most of the Indians understand the diverse nature of other individuals in the society. The Indian culture is strict concerning certain regulations, which are supposed to be followed strictly. Therefore, our cultural heritage involves several regulations and laws that are to be followed strictly. Shaman: As an Indian, I value my cultural beliefs and my religion. This is because, my background defines my personality. My diverse nature also impacts my identity in that I am able to relate with other individuals from all walks of life. I selected Shaman for the interview when I was

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 12

Strategic Management - Essay Example As such there is a greater link between the innovation and firm level strategy that need to be supporting each other at the enterprise wide level. The innovation therefore without a concrete strategy may not be possible for the organizations to achieve in either short term or long term. Apple, one of the leading electronics manufacturing firms in the world started as a Personal computer manufacturer and was completely outclassed by its competitors in almost all segments of the business. However, over the period of time, its innovation strategy has led to it become one of the most innovative firms with a distinguished record for brining in innovative products in the market. This paper will therefore look into the innovation strategy of the Apple and explore as to how Apple was able to achieve the innovation and what are some of the strategies and tools that it used to achieve such position in the market. On April fool day in 1976, Apple Computer was invented by a Collage drop out Steven Wozniak and with his friend Steve Jobs to form a company that can manufacture and market the computer designed and developed by Steven Wozniak. By 1980s Apple was one of the leading manufacturers of the computers offering both the hardware and software in one PC. Apple Computers were considered as the State of the art computers providing both the efficiency and cost effectiveness and were phenomenonal in their ability to perform complex operations with more efficiency as compared to most of its competitors. Apple I, Apple II and Apple III were earlier models of the computers that were manufactured and marketed by the Apple by making more innovations into the overall design and technology of these computers. Thus the history of innovation at Apple is one of its earliest achievements as Apple continued to evolve its products by offering better and more

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods - Essay Example Emily accepted this proposal and handed over the scarf to Andrea for cleaning. Christine, who saw the scarf in the shop, instantly decided to purchase the scarf. Accordingly, she offered a very lucrative amount for it. Andrea accepted this offer and gave the scarf to Christine. Later on Emily came to know of this transaction and made a strong resolve to get back her scarf from Christine. Issues For advising Emily and Christine in respect of their rights regarding the possession of the scarf, the issues to be addressed are: Whether there was a contract of sale between Andrea and Emily. Whether Andrea possesses title to the scarf which was sold to Christine. Whether Emily got any remedy under the provisions of sale of goods Act. Whether Christine’s sale transaction with Andrea is a legally valid one. Rule of law As per the provisions of section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, a contract of sale is one in which the seller either transfers or accepts to sell the property in go ods to another person called the buyer for a consideration which can be termed as price. As per section 21 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, an individual without title in the goods cannot transfer the same to others Application Since, Emily had paid for the scarf and taken possession, she had become its owner, as per the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Thus, she possesses title to the property. ... In bailment, mere possession of the goods is given and there is no transfer of property in the goods. A bailment involves a transfer of possession in the goods. On the other hand, a sale results in the transfer of the general property in the goods. In instances, wherein there is a hire purchase agreement or a return transaction, the bailee may obtain property in the goods from the bailor (Macleod, 2002, p. 22). The bailor has the right to claim a return of the goods bailed, the moment that the purpose of such bailment has been realised. In the event of any delay by the bailee in returning these goods, the bailor can claim compensation. The remedy for failure by the bailee to take proper care of the goods is damages. On occasion, the risk and property in goods sold could have been transferred to the buyer and the seller could be duty bound to deliver goods to the buyer. In such instances, any ensuing damage to the goods resulting from the negligence of the seller has to be compensated for by the provision of damages to the buyer (Title and Passing of Property). However, in such cases, the buyer cannot reject the goods. As such, in a contract of bailment, the goods are delivered with the condition that the goods are to be returned to the owner or some other party. Despite the fact that the holder of the goods in a contract of bailment possesses certain obligations and rights, the title in the goods does not pass to that person (Sale of goods: contract, property and risk). The bailee does not hold good title, since property in goods is not transferred. Section 21(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, enjoins a general rule. This rule declares that it is not

Compare the heroes Gilgamesh and Rama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare the heroes Gilgamesh and Rama - Essay Example First, Gilgamesh is a sacred king in the ancient Babylonian kingdom who greatly possesses the trait of â€Å"two-thirds divine† (Mitchell 10). By virtue of his god-like character, the Babylonian people fear and follow the absolute monarchy practiced by Gilgamesh, the demigod of the bygone civilization. Like Gilgamesh, Rama is a divine king in the age-old India who greatly ruled his devoted subjects with â€Å"universal or social conscience† (qtd. in Leeming, Madden, and Marlan 803). Second, Gilgamesh and Rama have sameness with respect to their journeys in finding their missions in life and/or love. On the one hand, Gilgamesh travels to varied and tortuous places in order to find the person who â€Å"can tell him how to escape death† (Mitchell 1). After his friend’s death, Gilgamesh journeys into the terra incognita which he, consequently, â€Å"suffered all and accomplished all† (qtd. in Mitchell 9). On the other hand, Rama travels to the land of h is mortal enemy in order to rescue his beloved Sita. On this way, Rama constantly remembers in the need to avoid the â€Å"sense enemies’ lust, ire and greed† (Das 69). And third, both epic heroes greatly share tragedy (Gupta 23). The tragedy of Gilgamesh lies in his failure to attain immortality while Rama’s tragedy lies in the unfaithfulness of his beloved. Both stories of Gilgamesh and Rama are, by and large, shaped by their cultures and societies.

DQ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

DQ - Assignment Example This may lead to heated arguments and losing temper. It is also good practice to engage the client in the solution, by asking them their suggestions. The other key objective is to listen keenly, internalize the complaint, and, take time to understand before responding. These techniques help avoid taking issues as personal attacks. Feedback meetings with clients need to be well organized so as to maximize the outcome, while avoiding ambiguity. It is important when planning, to have in mind, which areas to collect feedback, what is to be addressed in the meeting, what the possible client reactions are, and, how to manage the reactions. It is advisable to devise a plan to be followed in the manner in which to engage the client. It is also important to schedule the meeting in an environment that is suitable to the client. On the material day, it is good to start by engaging the client on more general issues, before narrowing down to specifics. The client should be given ample time to express themselves without interjections, and, their complements, or complains well recorded. It is also good practice to respond to those issues that can be addressed on the spot, while committing to respond to the other, and make necessary adjustments soonest applicable. Self expression is an important tool to earn and maintain customer confidence. One way of doing this is to ensure that one is well informed about the company history, policies, products, services, and, future plans. This helps one to be articulate when handling the customers. When talking to clients, it is good to make prior preparations, to avoid rushing over issues. One should also talk naturally, avoiding reading lengthy documents. Eye contact should also be maintained, while avoiding distructive behavior. It is also good to explain using good examples where appropriate. While responding to client concerns, one should portray good understanding of the issues, and, when not sure

African Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

African Politics - Essay Example Its aims were to create separate institutions, and to some extent separate homelands, for the black people who existed in white-dominated settlements in ancient America. Black separatists’ arguments were that the white people oppressed the blacks, and that it was impossible for the blacks to advance in any way when living in a white-dominated societies. The proponents of this movement pushed for segregation of black institutions such as business schools so that the blacks themselves would direct them (Selverstone 160). Concisely, the main objectives of this movement were to separate the black societies from the white to achieve means of making them independent and self-sufficient to survive in an environment that was hostile. One of the dominant black elites of this movement includes Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and the Nation of Islam. Marcus Garvey, unlike other activists, did not advocate for segregation within white territories, rather, Garvey’s UNIA elite called on the black society to move from America and return to their â€Å"homeland† in Africa, Liberia to be specific (Lawler & Davenport 80-82). The second elite, Nation of Islam, was founded by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad, and called for the establishment of new independent states for blacks only in the white territories. In addition, it provided economic, social, mental, and spiritual support for African Americans. According to its sympathizers, the black community would only foster if it had its own states with black schools, police, politicians, and businesses. This is an umbrella movement that housed other smaller social movements that aimed at ending discrimination, segregation by race, and enforces the voting rights of blacks living in the United States. This movement employed mostly campaigns of civil resistance, implementing civil disobedience and non-violent protests as tactics to create crises that would make the

Ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical - Essay Example From basic nursing care to the advance and critical nursing practices, to researches and home care system, every procedure to be carried out must be done with utmost understanding of the procedure itself and its implications for both the patient and the nurse practitioner. Butts and Rich (2012) stated in their book Nursing Ethics: Across the Curriculum and Into Practice that â€Å"Rules and theories matter little without the formation of good character† and believed that nurses are faced with ethical issues every single day. They added that imbibing textbooks ethics serves as a sturdy foundation for nurses to develop practical wisdom and virtuous character in practice. Assessment is the initial step in every nursing procedure therefore it is vital to first determine the nurse’s understanding of what ethical issue really means. A lot of people misunderstood ethics as mere observance of social norms, religious beliefs or the law instead of it being an impartial concept of its own (Paul and Elder, 2006). It may be understood as a moral principle of a specific individual, group, or custom and other author allows its usage to be interchangeable with â€Å"morality† (Deigh, 1995). ... and a process of enactment.† There is no absolute right or wrong in responding to ethical dilemmas but the goal for deciding how to act upon it is based on the basic notion of beneficence and non-maleficence. The knowledge on General Principles of Nursing Ethics is vital in facing these situations. It is important that nurses are aware of these virtues in order to be properly guided in decision making. These are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, justice, and respect for person. Beneficence is active promotion of good while non-maleficence means duty to do no harm. Respect for autonomy is acknowledging the patient’s rights, values and choices so as respect for person which equates to treating all patients as worthy individual. And lastly, justice is the promotion of equity or fairness in every situation a nurse encounters (Barnett, 2003). Ethical issues faced in the nursing practice can be clinical problems relating to patient right and care, professiona lism, philosophical, organizational and societal (Bosek, 2009). One of the most common face is conflict between patient autonomy and nurse’s belief such as denial of blood transfusion for the Jehova’s Witness or withdrawal from life sustaining treatment even if it can cause fatal consequences, or tending to post-operative abortion patients that are done not for medical purposes. An example of this was the quandary faced by nurses of University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey when they were directed by the hospital in September 2011 that all nurses are required to assist in pre- and post-operative care of abortion patients (Katarsky, 2011). Clearly this presents ethical battle against the nurses’ morality especially if they are pro-life or have opposing cultural and religious beliefs.

Communication Process Paper Essay Example for Free

Communication Process Paper Essay Communication process is a very important aspect with the help of which people send messages verbal including sentences, words, and messages nonverbal including physical setting, facial expression, and behavior. Communication patterns have changed because of changing nature of interaction between people. Communication allows business to coordinate and unify common goals. An open communication policy in business where the employees may come to the supervisors and voice his or her likes as well as dislikes. The business will have a workable environment for everyone. As the message passes through this medium, there is noise and which changes the message into something different from what was sent. These are otherwise known as the barriers to effective communication. Noise can be static or anything that distracts from the intended massage. Example, if there a meeting going on in the workplace and two employees are talking in the background. An individual will become distracted of what the meeting is about. Communication process Paper The climates in most workplace are cool if it is an inside job. So individual may be comfortable communicating with one and another. Some people believe the environment tan make a difference with the way an individual communicate. Communication is vital in the workplace and it the primary means to convey the proper message. Most jobs have shift work and needs to communicate from one shift to another. This may be done by verbal or written in paper. A business climate most likely creates within levels of management and spreads from there. The strength and weakness of any organization are only good or bad as the individuals who work there. If there an open policy where employees can communication with his or her supervisors as they please. This procedure will make the workplace environment workable for everyone. Every employee in the workplace should voice his or her opinion toward the supervisor without been afraid of the outcome. Everyone has some weaknesses and strengths in communication as a result of psychological and personal peculiarities, and every day communication patterns. Verbal written communication is my strength. My weakness is nonverbal communication because in some situations I am not sure what behavior patterns I should follow, for instance, speaking with strangers, or the police. Sometimes I believe cultural or social barriers communicating with others, I have strong verbal communication skills because I spend much time communicating with my friends on the Internet. This way I can communicate with several people at the same time, and save time on phone calls or visiting them. This form of communication is very popular because it transmits information to the individuals and receives reply rapidly. I have good written skills and can clearly express opinion in several sentences. This strength is logical, concise, and informative messages, which help the recipient to grasp the idea at once. Good written skills used in the criminal justice system and other business. Years ago the senior management committee of some business, there strategies for doing everything from changing policies to dealing with employees discussed behind closed doors. Once those decisions made by management, the supervisors were asked to put those decisions into effect. The employees had little to no input on those matters. The employees did as they were told or had to find a new job. Today some management team members listen to what the employees have to say before making a decision on changing the policies. Most business in the present encourages employees to take an active part in their company. The employees who work on production line may know some ways to improve the lines. Some manager may pass out certain type of rewards for his or her ideals. Communication process with employees can be a difficult task. It may take knowing what an individual have to say to communicate in a way to receive desired result. Communications to employees come from several areas within the organization, the director, human resources, the program manager, and other management team. Every employee need to know what is happening within the company. The company will not achieve if the employees are not contribute what expected of him or her. That why a well-organized internal communication strategy required to create the ideal mindset within the company. Reference Communicating Effectively with Employees Retrieved on July 12, 2011 from http://www. learningspaces.njit.edu/Elliot/content/communicating-effectively employee

English language needs for tour guides

English language needs for tour guides This chapter describes the methods of research and explains the methods used in the present study. This chapter is divided into five parts: objectives of the study and the research questions; description of the research types; data sampling and collection procedures; data analysis of the data collected; reliability, validity, and generalizability of the research methods and findings. For the purposes of this study, I will classify the English language skills and functions for tour guides into four main categories. The language skills and elements are composed of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Translation, and vocabulary in tourism including grammar and some useful English expressions will be discussed and included into those four main categories. Objectives of the Study and Research Questions This study aims to investigate present English language needs and benefits of learning English for Vietnamese tour guides. This studies’ data also hopes to reveal some of the problems foreign tourists face when dealing with Vietnamese tour guides, and the language skills and functions that are useful for tour guides to help overcome them. This research tries to answer two of the four main research questions: 2.What are the English language needs required for Vietnamese tour guides? 3.What are the benefits for English speaking Vietnamese tour guides, when compared to those with only their native language? The design of research methods for the present study was based on the most effective and efficient way to answer these two research questions. Research Types Overview of Research Types and Their Characteristics There two main types of research: qualitative research and quantative research. Qualitative research is a research type that is concerned with the study of what goes on in natural settings. The process of this research deals with an inquiry and understanding based on distinct methodologies within the tradition of inquiry that explores a social or human problem. The researcher is the main instrument of data collection to build a complex and holistic picture, to collect words and to analyze this information inductively, and to report detailed views of informants. In designing a study, one works with philosophical assumptions, possible frameworks, problems, and questions; and data collection through techniques such as interviews, observation, documents, and audio-visual materials (Cresswell, 1998). Some examples of qualitative research are: biography, which is a study on a single individual when material is available and accessible; phenomenology, which examines a phenomenon and the meaning it holds for individuals; a grounded theory, which is a study to generate o r develop a theory; an ethnography, which studies the behavior of a culture-sharing group; and a case study, which examines a case bound in time and place and looks for contextual material about the setting of the case. To sum up, it can be seen that qualitative research and quantitative research differ in terms of their key concepts, goals, approaches to design, and the types of problems that researchers have. Therefore, the selection of which research approach is appropriate in a given study depends on the problem of interest, available resources, the skills and training of the researcher, and the audience for the research (ibid). Quantitative research is a type of research that is concerned with an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measuring with numbers, and analyzing data using statistical techniques. Reichardt and Cook 1979 cited in Nunan, 1992 suggest that quantitative research is â€Å"obtrusive, controlled, generalizable, outcome oriented, and assumes the existence of ‘facts’ which are somehow external to and independent of the observer or researcher†. The main characteristics of quantitative research are the following beliefs: reality is something that can be studied objectively; the researcher should remain distant and independent from what is being researched; research is value-free and is based primarily on deductive forms of logic and theories; hypotheses are tested in a cause-effect order; and the research goals are to develop generalizations that contribute to theory and to enable the researcher to predict, explain, and unders tand some phenomena Bogdan and Bilken (1982 cited in Maurice et al, 1987). There are considered to be three general types of quantitative methods: 1. Experiments, which are characterized by random assignment of subjects to experimental conditions and the use of experimental controls; 2.Quasi-experiments, by which studies share almost all the features of experimental designs except that they involve non-randomized assignment of subjects to experimental conditions; and 3. Surveys, which include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or interviews for data collection with the intent of estimating the characteristics of a large population based on a smaller sample from that population (Maurice et al, 1987). Research may sometimes incorporate both quantitative and qualitative methodologies as will this study in order to get the reliability and trustworthiness of the research from results obtained from the questionnaire and the interviews carried out. Type of research in this study This study employed a qualitative approach utilizing some quantitative techniques in a needs analysis for the study of tour guides in Vietnam. The main method of the study was a survey conducted to explore the use of English of tour guides in Vietnam in order to analyze the present needs of using the target language in their workplace. The participants of the study were selected on a basis of convenience and availability. A questionnaire, with of a rating scale, was used for data collection. The data was then analyzed based on simple statistics, looking for averages and simple groupings to identify the needs and problems in order to find answers to the research questions. Sampling procedures in the present study The participants in this study were tour guides who work in the areas of Central, North and South Vietnam including 50 from areas in and surrounding Hue, Da Nang and Hoi An, 25 from the HCM City and surrounding area and 25 from the Hanoi region. The details of the travel agencies were found from the internet websites and from local knowledge. The method to assess the English language needs and problems of Vietnamese tour guides was a questionnaire. Several methods were used to make the questionnaire in order to maintain its reliability and validity. The benefits for the tour guides and the tourism industry were assessed from the interviews conducted. The interviews conducted were mostly limited to the local area with 20 participants from Hue, Da Nang and Hoi An although there were 5 interviews done in HCM City. The Construction of the questionnaire To create the questionnaire used in this study, I reviewed a number of research studies relating to the needs analysis and English for Specific Purposes (ESP discussed in the literature review Chapter 2), and then I reviewed some examples of questionnaires from similar research to find their outlines. Moreover, a wide range of textbooks about English for tourism were studied to find relevant information to use as content in the questionnaire. The first draft of the questionnaire was written in English and created with the objectives of the study and the research questions. The questionnaire was used in this study to obtain information from the tour guides in Vietnam. The questionnaire, given to the tour guides, had five main parts: General information; general opinions; needs of the English language for tour guides; Problems/difficulties faced with English language; and opinions about the benefits of learning English for Vietnamese tour guides. 1.General Information The general information was made up of three sections. The first asked the participants some personal information about their age, gender, education, and the amount of time they had worked as a tour guide. The second section asked about the importance of English, the amount of English they needed to use when they guide international tourists and who they use English language with in their daily tasks. The last part was about their English proficiency. The participants were also asked to rank language skills and elements that they used regularly, and problems with English language they had most. The language skills and elements in this questionnaire were composed of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Translation, and vocabulary in tourism including grammar and some useful English expressions will be discussed and included into those four main categories. 2.General Opinions The second part consisted of two items. Item 1 asked the participants to indicate their feelings about the necessity of English language elements. They were to rank the elements on a scale of 1 to 5 in their opinions: 5=Essential 4=Very necessary 3=Necessary 2=Fairly necessary 1=Unnecessary. Item 2 was about the difficulty of English language elements. The participants were asked to rate their difficulties of English skills again using a rating of 1 to 5. 5=Very difficult 4=Difficult 3=Fairly difficult 2=Not very difficult 1=Not difficult 3.Needs of the English Language for Tour Guides The third part was about the needs of tour guides for the use of English skills or elements in the job. The questions covered information with various English language functions for tour guides. The questions were divided into four main domains of language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Questions about translation, pronunciation, vocabulary in tourism, grammar and expressions were also included. Within each skill, the questions were divided into sub items asking about various roles and the functions for the tour guides. The participants had to rate those answers on a 1 to 5 scale as follows: 5 = Most 4 = A lot 3 = Moderate 2 = A little 1 = Least 4.Problems and Difficulties Faced with English Language For this part the questionnaire was again used, as it was in part three, to discover and confirm problems and difficulties encountered by the tour guides in the daily activities. These questions aimed to point out common issues resulting from miscommunication or lack of understanding when using the English language. Again the participants had to rate those answers on a 1 to 5 scale as follows: 5 = Most 4 = A lot 3 = Moderate 2 = A little 1 = Least 5. The benefits of learning English for Vietnamese tour guides The questionnaire ended with an opened item, allowing the participants to fill in either their comments or suggestions. Some expected benefits were suggested and offered as choices to agree or disagree with. The participants were also asked to rank those benefits in order of importance to them personally and professionally. This was followed up, where possible, with interviews requesting further clarification of their suggested benefits and those that were suggested to them in the questionnaire. Putting ticks in boxes and crossing numbers were ways of answering all the parts of the questionnaire. There were yes/no answers, multiple choice questions and ranked questions. The questionnaire used in the present study was written in English and then translated into Vietnamese to avoid any ambiguity, misinterpretation or problems for the participants. Pilot Study A pilot study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the questionnaire and to identify and eliminate ambiguity in the questions before it was used in the main study. Five people in different areas of the tourism and hospitality industry from the local area in Hue City were the participants in the pilot study, carried out at the beginning of March 2015. Just over one week was allocated for the collection and review of the pilot questionnaire, but due to conflicting schedules it took just over two weeks to get the results. The return rate and the completed questionnaires was 100%. In the pilot questionnaire, an item of ‘others and please specify’ was included at the end of every section, where participants could propose any additional questions or English language expressions and functions they thought should have been asked (see Appendix 2). To administer the questionnaire, the researcher firstly handed out the covering letter to the manager of the chosen people where needed to ask for their permission. The cover letter consisted of an introduction of the research study and the university, the aim of the study, the importance of the study, general instructions and words of thanks to the participants and their management. Then, the questionnaires they could complete were given to the participants. This was then followed by arranging a time and date that the questionnaires could be collected and interviews with the participants could be given. The participants in the pilot study were 4 male participants and 1 female participant. The results of the survey showed that the participants were concerned about the importance of English in their tour guide occupations. They all suggested that speaking was the most important skill they needed in their jobs, followed closely by listening. Writing, reading, vocabulary in tourism, translation, grammar and expressions were the least important. However, concerning their difficulties of using English elements in their jobs, the majority of the participants found listening caused the most issues, followed by speaking (including pronunciation errors). Translation, writing, grammar, language expressions and reading were all considered to have fewer problems for them. Vocabulary for Vietnamese tour guides was generally found to be the least problematic and the easiest to overcome. Main Study After the questionnaire was revised and created based on suggestions and improvements to the pilot study, it was given to, or sent to, the participants selected for the main study: 100 tour guides from different companies and individuals during the first week of April 2015. They were then returned over the following weeks with the last of them received in late April 2015. Similar steps to the pilot study were taken for the collection of data. Firstly a covering letter was submitted, introducing the study, with reference to the Hue University College of Foreign Languages, to the managers and/or owners of the tour companies to get permission. The return rate within this time was 60% and any that were returned later then than April 2015 were left out of the study; only 50% of these were completed correctly and used for the data analysis. Data Analysis The analysis of data in the present study The questionnaires were checked and analyzed using basic statistics. The procedures in the present study looked for specific repeated trends and used, percentages (%), averages (X), and standard deviation (S.D.). The data was analyzed using the following statistical procedures. First, the percentages were used in the analysis of answers, concerning the general background of participants (Part I). Second, a five-point scale was used to score the levels of necessity, difficulty, needs and problems of English language for tour guides in Vietnam (Part II, III, and IV). Third, the information about the central tendency of the scores and Standard Deviation (S.D.) showing a measurement of the dispersion, giving information on the extent to which a set of scores varies in relation to the average score. Averages were used to calculate the level of necessity, difficulty, needs and problems of English language skills for tour guides in Vietnam. Fourth, scores were weighted to rank the needs and problems of English language elements for tour guides in Vietnam. A specific weight, as illustrated below, was assigned for each specific rank: RankWeighted Scores 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 Finally, the reliability of the responses for those items, which used a five-point scale was tested. Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability. Definitions of Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability Reliability is the extent to which an independent researcher, on analyzing one’s data, would reach the same conclusions and, a replication of one’s study would yield similar results. There are two types of reliability: internal reliability, which refers to the consistency of the results obtained from a piece of research; and external reliability, which refers to the extent to which independent researchers can reproduce a study and obtain results similar to those obtained in the original study (Nunan, 1992). Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what it is designed to measure. Researchers and experts in the field are persons who decide that an instrument is observing what it is set out to observe. Two approaches of establishing the validity of a research instrument are logic and statistical evidence. There are three types of validity: face and content validity (the judgment based upon the logical link between the questions and the objectives of the study); concurrent and predictive validity (the judgment based on the degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome and how well an instrument compares with a second assessment done concurrently); and construct validity (the judgment based upon statistical procedures) (Kumar, 1996). Generalizability is the way of drawing logical conclusion, or making an inference from certain results which explains some important implications of the results or is related to the research questions. Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability in the Present Study Reliability To check the reliability of the questionnaire, I used an internal reliability check for consistency of the results obtained from the study. The questionnaire used in the pilot study was considered to be more than satisfactory for the purpose of this study. Validity To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the first draft of the questionnaire was constructed and revised based on recommendations from the participants and other people in the field. In the present study, the researcher used face to face interviews about the questionnaire to determine opinions on the validity. I then constructed the questions in the questionnaire based on the objectives of the study and the research question being asked. By checking the validity, each question or item on the scales and the questionnaire content must have a logical link with the objectives. The judgment that the questionnaire and interviews was measuring what it was supposed to, was based upon the relevant inferences the findings had to the study. Moreover, the validity of the questions was also checked by the participants in the pilot study. Generalizability This study used a mostly quantitative approach with three established needs including sampling, reliability and validity checking. Therefore, the results obtained could be generalized to the target population, the tour guides in Vietnam. This chapter has dealt with the research methodology and the design of the present study. The objectives of the study and research questions; research types; data sampling and collection procedures; data analysis of the data collected; reliability, validity, and generalizability of the research methods and findings were also discussed. The results of the present study will be presented in the following chapter.

The Review of Strategy as Revolution

The Review of Strategy as Revolution Entrepreneurs and managers require a strategic plan in the running of the business organizations so that they may not lose sight of their business objectives. Entrepreneurs are the innovators in the business. They are the ones who identify a business opportunity, they co ordinate the use of resources in the implementation of the business opportunity and eventually they come up with the best mechanism to implement the business idea. A strategy simply means a plan to do something. It refers to a course of action designed to achieve certain set objectives. A good strategy should stimulate change and should serve as a framework in decision making body of the business. Revolution on the other hand refers to the development and adoption of better and more advanced methods of running a business organization (McDonald, 2007, pp. 98). In the article Strategy and Revolution, Gary Hamel classifies companies into three categories in the business world. These include; the rule makers, the rule takers and the rule breakers also known as industry revolutionaries. According to him, the rule makers are the ones who pioneer the building of the industry at all times. They are the creators of industries and they protect the identity of the business (Yodfat Ohanah, 2001, pp. 51). The rule takers on the other hand reflect the goals and objectives of the rule makers. They also try and implement the objectives put across. Eventually there are the rule breakers who revolutionize the entire industry or a section in it. They overturn the industrial order and they are the radical thinkers who revolutionize the industry. Hamels argument is that industries need to act fast and work harder to improve the industry .He believes that this can only be achieved by managers incorporating more innovative ideas and learning to think outside the box. This will safeguard the companys position in the industry ecosystem and safeguard it from losing its market shares to its competitors. According to the article, there are ten key principles that companies in any given industry should follow in order to become revolutionized. In Garys opinion, strategy development is a revolutionary action in an organization. According to him, it is a result of radical thinking and some risk taking on the part of the company. He further argues that radical thinking is mandatory in finding and establishing new market places to trade in .He goes on to say that revolution is important in securing a place in the market place in this era of globalization and digitalization. Hamel believes that for one to be strategic, they must have a gr eat imagination that they are willing to exercise as well as a creative mind. He further stipulates that strategic thinkers are risk takers who are not afraid to take chances and are also not afraid to be wrong (Barney, 2001, pp. 64). Gary does not refute the fact that traditional business aspects that have been used over the years are inefficient. But, it is his opinion that those old management models are no longer equipped to solve the current problems that are arising with the new century. He further says that speed and creativity are mandatory for survival in this era where global competition is prevalent. Gary implies that in the days to come, talent will be more valuable than any title and that the emergence of the internet will act as a catalyst for the 21st century management. He emphasizes on the importance of the internet to organizations stating that it will not only help the managers in managing, but also it will assist in the organization of work and records. Hamel in his article points out that the world is changing at a very fast rate and we have to move at the same pace in order to be able to reinvent ourselves and our businesses. He emphasizes on the need of people becoming flexible in order to a ccommodate the fast adaptation and change. With each day that comes, companies are made to face new sets of challenges in every sector. Therefore companies must be equipped to handle them in the best way to avoid future failure in the business. Gary states that some of the changes affecting the industry are; technological upheaval where the technology in the world is growing at an alarming rate. Therefore, managers have to try and keep up with the emerging trends in order to maintain their standards in the market, globalization, deregulation and society change (Keller, 2003, pp. 85). Despite this, he lays the blame on the companies as in his opinion they are responsible for harnessing the changes that are causes revolution through their actions (Hamel ONeal, 1998, pp. 91). Gary gives principles which he believes will enable a company to revolutionize. He also believes that these principles will assist managers to discover revolutionary strategies. However, its up to the company to read, analyze and interpret them so that they can be able to apply them with respect to their own individual understanding. Companies must rethink their strategies and create room for diversification. Companies must look for ways and means of adding value to the company by using the creativity and inspiration of its employees. This is to enable the company to add value per capita as compared to its competitors in the industry ecosystem (Koontz, 2000, pp. 69). 2. The theoretical underpinnings of the article This refers to the set of ideas that form the basis of something. The article was inspired by the fast changing environment necessitating the author to write it. It aims at psychologically preparing managers and company owners for the chances that are to take place and their effects. Gary Hamel illustrates how the industrial revolution is creeping in the society. He also shows the impact this revolution is expected to have on business organizations and the society at large (Ambachtsheer, 2007, pp. 45). Gary, in his article tries to give companies what he believes is sound advice on how to revolutionize and avoid losing their market share to the competitors. He argues that if companies are reluctant to implement revolutionary ideas in their strategy making, then other more willing companies will do it leaving them stuck on the old management strategies .In his article, Gary uses illustrations that aim at proving to companies that if they do not revert to more innovative management str ategies, they will be overtaken by their competitors (Brown, 1997, pp. 68). Gary further stipulates the importance of teamwork in an organization. He emphasizes the importance of employees and stakeholders being united. He urges managers to be responsive to their employees and take their input in the company seriously. He also urges manager to stop making the assumption that the employees will resist change and implement them. He reminds the managers that they are responsible for the outcome of the company and they must therefore do what they know is right and will benefit the business (Dochartaigh, 2007, pp. 73). Gary discourages the management from avoiding interacting with their juniors since this is the only way they will know for sure which changes are worth implementing and to which areas. In his opinion, he thinks that the executives need to include the three constituencies in the company when making strategies for the company. These three constituencies include; the young people, stake holders and new comers. This he believes will lead to revolutiona ry companies as these new inclusions to the strategy table will offer fresh perspective to the company (Henderson, 2008, pp. 68). Gary talks of the unpredictable nature of the world. He cautions companies from being inflexible as they will have to change with the changing world to keep up with the rest of the world. He further urges businesses to thoroughly challenge and revise their business models to test their relevance to them. He believes that progress is not only possible rather it is inevitable. With the new revolution, Gary Hamel believes and hopes that soon the companies will be more transparent and open and that democracy will prevail eventually. He looks forward to the time when decisions regarding project and investments will be made collectively by employees in a company contrary to the usual handful of executives who make vital decisions pertaining to the business. Hamel argues the importance of looking to the future in order to avoid being pulled down by the methodologies of the past. He urges managers to aim at creating an organization that can thrive and make decisions in the future. He acknowl edges the fact that coming up with new untested strategies is taking a risk but once it is successful, it will boost the company to higher levels in the industry ecosystem (Schmetterer, 2003, pp. 74). Hamel hopes to help companies to learn to use their imagination first rather than rushing to create new rules, businesses and industries. This, he believes, will help the companies understand the industrial landscape. Hamel believes that the article will motivate innovation at each sector of the industry and it will give insight to companies on the rewards that come with revolutionary thinking (Hamel, 2002, pp. 67). 3. What are the strengths and weaknesses in the article? The article basically argues that within each organization there exists a strategy revolutionary. He emphasizes that every business director needs to try and identify who they are so that they can be able to nurture them into becoming integral parts of the organizations strategic docket. However, the article fails to explain the importance of identifying the skills and also the main identifiers to be used (Hamel Breen, 2007, pp. 87). Gary encourages companies to be risk takers since he believes for one to revolutionize, they must be willing to think radically and imaginatively. This is a weakness in the article because if the extent of radical thinking is not carefully controlled, it can cost the company a lot sometimes leading to instances of bankruptcy and closure of the company (Hamel, 1996, pp. 54). However, on the other hand, by encouraging people within a company to think outside the box, they could end up unveiling great discoveries that could change the face of the industry forever. This is a major strength in the article and should not be taken lightly. Strength of Gary Hamels article is that he emphasizes on teamwork. His principles try to encourage teamwork amongst employees at all levels of the company. He believes by interacting, those in the lower levels in the organization will be able to share ideas with their superiors more easily. This will eventually lead to revolution in the company (Piana, 2008, pp. 71). Although Gary in his article lays a lot of emphasize on radical thinking and the need to be imaginative and creative, he does not put across measures to ensure that the extent of imagination and creativity is checked. This is because different people operate at different levels of creativity and may vary in their understanding of radical thinking. This could be very dangerous for companies to indulge in and therefore he ought to have suggested ways of putting some control on this and a way to regulate it. Therefore, as much as revolution is important and mandatory for the survival of a company, it must be put in check and controlled as too much of anything is poisonous.

How John Donne Showed His Love Essay -- essays research papers fc

How John Donne Showed his Love John Donne’s poetry has been both ridiculed and praised. One reason for the ridicule is due to the fact that many people believe his work is vulgar, and his discussion of sex may seem improper to some people. Even in this modern age some people may find it a bit offensive. You can imagine what people thought of it in the sixteenth century. His discussion of sex in this “disgusting'; manner is more obvious and prevalent in his early work, while he still had many female acquaintances and before he was settled down with his wife. Donne eloped with his underage lover Anne More which in itself was a scandalous event. Her father, Sir George More, objected to their marriage. Her father was so irritated he had John thrown in jail for marrying a minor without parental consent. Though the couple went through many hardships they loved each other very deeply (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia). The words in Donne’s poetry after the marriage only proved that fact. After their marriage the words in his poetry showed a more emotional side of Doone, you could sense the feeling of true love through the words. The way he spoke about the love he and his wife shared during this time shows it was much more then just sexual, and the sex was much more meaningful. After the death of his wife in 1617, Donne was devastated and although he had already been involved in the church even becoming an ordained minister for the Church of England (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia). His relationship with God became stronger almost as a replacement for his one true love Anne. At times in his poetry it is even difficult to tell if he is talking about God or his lover. Whether you think Donne’s poetry is perverted or not one can hardly call his work anything but genius. He is after all considered to be the leader of the metaphysical school of poets. As Herbert Grierson explains, Metaphysical Poetry “has been inspired by a philosophical conception of the universe and the rà ´le assigned to the human spirit in a great drama of existence'; (147-148). As Theodore Redpath illustrates “everywhere in the poems are to be found instances of rapid and ingenious thinking'; (223). The wording which he uses in his poetry can be some what difficult to comprehend at times. Once it is understood, his emotions and feelings... ...ertaining to his wife, he loved her deeply. I sincerely believe the poems were written for her. It is also possible that he had adulterous relationships, which he most likely did. He loved his wife nobody took her place. If he did have adulterous relationships it was just because they lusted each other and did not love each other. These adulterous relationships were entirely sexual. And that is what Bennett is trying to state. Nevertheless Donne’s poetry is very compelling, full of great metaphors and really gives youa sense what he is feeling. The feeling of love can be felt throughout, true love. Works Cited Bennett, Joan. “The Love Poetry of John Donne.'; Donne 178-194. Donne, John. John Donne’s Poetry: Authoritative Texts; criticism. Ed. Arthur L. Clements. 2nded. New York and London: Norton, 1992. Grierson, Herbert Sir. “Donne and Metaphysical Poetry.'; Donne 147-157. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1996 Grolier Interactive Inc. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-1997 Microsoft Company Online. Internet. 19 March 1999. http://www.ultranet.com/ rsarkiss/DONNE.HTM Redpath, Theodore. “The Songs and Sonnets.'; Donne 217-227.

Memory - Our Version of History :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Memory - Our Version of History How the memory works in the human mind continues to fascinate those who look. It has the ability to take in everything that our senses can give to it, store all of that information, and then recall both recent and past recollections upon our request. Patricia Hampl discovers in her own personal recollection "an unsettling disbelief about the reliability of memory, a hunch that memory is not, after all, just memory" (131). Psychiatrists, psychologists, and writers continue to study the mystery in the relationship between the mind and the memory: the objective past, the invention of our own version of history, and the symbolism in personal memories with respect to self-reflection. Hampl reflects to discover she invents in her memoir of the piano lesson. Returning thirty years later to a special place in his memory, Stephen Jay Gould "had conflated the most prominent symbol of my old neighborhood, the tennis stadium, with an important personal place" (116). I can see how this happens when a person sometimes adds a little color or excitement in retelling a story to keep the attention of the audience in everyday life. But these accomplished authors are writing memoirs, not fiction, and their memories are still partial untruths. Could my written memories contain untruths as their written memories do? The only way I may find the answer is to write about the first memory I remember as a child. It is a long time ago and I remember that I am three years old. Daddy is holding me near his shoulder and I have my arms around his neck. We are in Sacred Heart Church by ourselves. Daddy just keeps looking straight ahead. His glasses are resting on his nose that protrudes so far from his face. I think about his nose because we always play "noseys" before I go to bed at night. His tinted glasses are hiding his eyes that always smile at me. I want to see his smiling eyes but right now I can see the top of his head better. Daddy does not have much hair on the top of his head. It reminds me of when he says, "The beard on my face makes up for the lack of hair on my head." I laugh to myself and remember telling him to move his beard to the top of his head but to leave his mustache where it is.

Winning the Fight against Super Bugs

The term ‘antibiotics’ refers to substances that kill bacteria or prevent their growth. Antibiotics are natural substances that are released by bacteria and fungi into their environment to fight other organisms. The use of antibiotics by organisms therefore represents chemical warfare on a microscopic scale. The activity of antibiotics was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mould Penicillium notatum.The significance of the discovery was however not realized at that time, and it was only in the 1940s when Howard Florey and Ernst Chain isolated the active ingredient and developed the substance in its powdery form, that it was realized that penicillin and other antibiotics could be used as very effective medicines to kill certain types of disease-causing bacteria within the human body. Bacterial infections can be fatal, especially for young children and babies who do not have adequate immunity.Labeled as the ‘wonder drug,’ the use of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections resulted in a significant decrease in the deaths due infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Antibiotics are not only used to used to treat human ailments but also bacterial infections in plants and animals. After having been effectively used for almost half a century, a new challenge loomed up in front of humankind in the form of bacteria that turned resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria are known as the ‘superbugs’. Natural antibiotics have probably existed as long as microorganisms have.Certain types of bacteria have therefore undergone adaptation and mutation to overcome the action of antibiotics. These bacteria have learnt to deal with practically all types of antibiotics that are available. They pose a serious problem in the form of diseases that cannot be treated with any medicines. As antibiotics treatment of bacterial infec tions continues, the number and variety of super bugs are bound to increase. It could eventually come to a pass when bacterial infections become as fatal as they were in the days before the discovery of antibiotics.This could lead to a depicted scenario in which the very existence of humankind could be threatened. There is, however, good news. A research led by Dr Adrian Lloyd of the University of Warwick’s Department of Biological Sciences has succeeded in unraveling how the super bug Streptococcus pneumoniae develops its penicillin immunity (University of Warwick, 2008). This finding opens up many new avenues of disrupting the process of development of resistance to antibiotics by the Streptococcus pneumoniae specifically and other super bugs in general.This could enable scientists to restore penicillin as a weapon against these bacteria, as well as restore the efficacy of other types of antibiotics against their respective bacteria. Essentially the study found that a prote in called the MurM was at the root of the development of resistance to antibiotics by the bacteria. Very simply put, Penicillin normally kills off the S. pneumoniae by inhibiting the formation of Peptidoglycan an essential component of the bacterial cell wall which protects the otherwise fragile bacterial cell.When Peptidoglycan is not produced, the protective cell wall of the bacteria is not formed leading to the death of the organism. It had been observed that the protein MurM was linked to changes in the chemical makeup of the Peptidoglycan that was found in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The protein MurM has been found to lead to the formation of particular structures known as the ‘dipeptide bridges’ in the peptidoglycan resulting in the formation of a bacterial cell wall that is resistant to penicillin.â€Å"The Warwick team were able to replicate the activity of MurM in a test tube, allowing them to define the chemistry of the MurM reaction in det ail and understand every key step of how Streptococcus pneumoniae deploys MurM to gain this resistance. † (University of Warwick, 2008). This will enable the Warwick team and any other pharmaceutical researchers to zero in on MurM reaction in the Streptococcus pneumoniae and develop drugs to disrupt the process of development of resistance to penicillin.The result could be designer penicillin antibiotics to be deployed effectively against penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Since the same mechanism works in the development of resistance to antibiotics in other bacteria such as MRSA, the findings of the Warwick University research could open up more fronts in the fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Moreover, the researchers have been able to readily reproduce every stage of formation of the peptidoglycan required by the Streptococcus pneumoniae to build up its penicillin-resistant cell wall.This provides pharmaceutical companies different levels at which to attack the process of development of antibiotic resistance that could lead to the invention of an array of modified penicillin for penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The significance of the new findings can be gauged from the fact that Streptococcus pneumonia causes 5 million fatalities worldwide in children. In the United States, it is the cause of infection in 1 million elderly out of which 7% end in fatalities.In every day life the finding can be related to arming a conventional missile with a nuclear warhead. The enemy in this case are the bacteria, and the war is not for the annihilation for the survival of humanity. References -01 University of Warwick (2008, March 15). How Antibiotic Resistant Bugs Became Resistant To Penicillin, And How Penicillin Could Work Again. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 1, 2003, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬ /releases/2008/03/080312100041. htm

Angels Demons Chapter 70-73

70Gunther Glick and Chinita Macri sit down lay in the BBC caravan in the tones at the far-off end of Piazza del Popolo. They had arrived in brief after the quad alpha capital of Italyos, on the besideston in meter to witness an unthinkable chain of unconstipatedts. Chinita unruffled had no inclination what it whole meant, only when shed make current the tv camera was rolling.As soon as theyd arrived, Chinita and Glick had jar againstn a veritable array of new-fashi peerlessd workforce pour kayoed of the Alpha capital of Italyos and surround the church building service. Some had weapon systems drawn. champion of them, a stiff senior manhood, led a team up the bearing travel of the church. The spends drew guns and blew the locks score the comportment doors. Macri comprehend nonhing and figured they must gull had silencers. thence the soldiers entered.Chinita had recommended they sit tight and moving-picture showing from the shadows. After on the whole, guns were guns, and they had a clear popular opinion of the action from the van. Glick had non argued. Now, across the piazza, men move in and forbidden of the church. They squall to each a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal). Chinita adjusted her camera to remark a team as they reckoned the touch bea. All of them, though dressed in civilian clothes, seemed to move with military precision. Who do you think they are? she asked.Hell if I make love. Glick boldnessed riveted. You getting all this?E genuinely frame.Glick sounded smug. in time think we should go subscribe to Pope-Watch?Chinita wasnt authorized what to say. There was obviously roughlything discharge on here, but she had been in journalism wide enough to k direct that in that location was a great deal a very dull description for interesting events. This could be zipper, she tell. These guys could micturate got ex the selfsame(prenominal) tip you got and are just checking it unwrap. Could be a fal se alarm.Glick grabbed her arm. Over on that point Focus. He pointed tooshie to the church.Chinita swung the camera grit to the crystallise of the stairs. Hello there, she said, training on the man swell out emerging from the church.Whos the spanking?Chinita locomote in for a close-up. Havent seen him before. She tightened in on the mans mettle and smiled. just I wouldnt mind seeing him again.Robert Langdon dashed bring down the stairs bring away(p) the church and into the portion of the piazza. It was getting dark now, the springtime solarise gap late in southern capital of Italy. The sun had dropped below the skirt buildings, and shadows streaked the uncoiled.Okay, Bernini, he said aloud to himself. Where the nether region is your holy man pointing?He sour and examined the orientation of the church from which he had just come. He depicted the Chigi Chapel inside, and the sculpt of the angel inside that. Without hesitation he dark due west, into the glow of the impending sunset. era was evaporating.Southwest, he said, louring at the shops and apartments close up his catch. The next marker is out there. pace his brain, Langdon pictured paginate after page of Italian art history. Although very long-familiar with Berninis work, Langdon knew the sculptor had been far too prolific for any(prenominal) nonspecialist to discern all of it. Still, considering the sexual relation fame of the first marker Habakkuk and the Angel Langdon hoped the insurgent marker was a work he might know from memory. ground, Air, Fire, Water, he thought. at a lower placecoat they had rig inside the Chapel of the Earth Habakkuk, the prophet who predicted the earths annihilation.Air is next. Langdon urged himself to think. A Bernini form that has more(prenominal) or lessthing to do with Air He was draftsmanship a total blank. Still he matte up energized. Im on the path of clarification It is slake intactLooking souwest, Langdon reach to see a spire or cathedral tower jutting up everyplace the obstacles. He aphorism aught. He needed a map. If they could figure out what churches were southwest of here, maybe wizard of them would incite Langdons memory. Air, he pressed. Air. Bernini. Sculpture. Air. ThinkLangdon turned and placeed back up the cathedral stairs. He was met downstairs the hold by Vittoria and Olivetti.Southwest, Langdon said, panting. The next church is southwest of here.Olivettis whisper was cold. You sure this time?Langdon didnt bite. We need a map. One that shows all the churches in capital of Italy.The commander studied him a moment, his expression never changing.Langdon checked his watch. We precisely rescue half an hour.Olivetti moved erstwhile(prenominal) Langdon down the stairs toward his car, position now in front of the cathedral. Langdon hoped he was pass for a map.Vittoria looked excited. So the angels pointing southwest? No idea which churches are southwest?I cant see past the damn buildings. Langdon turned and faced the substantive again. And I dont know Romes churches well enou He s elevationped.Vittoria looked startled. What?Langdon looked out at the piazza again. Having ascended the church stairs, he was now higher, and his view was better. He still couldnt see anything, but he realized he was moving in the right direction. His look climbed the tower of rickety scaffolding supra him. It rose six stories, nearly to the sort out of the churchs rose window, far higher than the early(a) buildings in the jog. He knew in an min where he was headed.Across the square, Chinita Macri and Gunther Glick sat pasted to the windshield of the BBC van.You getting this? Gunther asked.Macri tightened her shot on the man now climbing the scaffolding. Hes a little well dressed to be playing Spiderman if you ask me.And whos Ms. Spidey?Chinita glanced at the photogenic woman down the stairs the scaffolding. Bet youd deal to find out.Think I should border edito rial?Not yet. Lets watch. Better to draw something in the can before we swallow we aband integrityd conclave.You think somebody really killed genius of the old farts in there?Chinita clucked. Youre definitely going to hell.And Ill be victorious the Pulitzer with me.71The scaffolding seemed less still the higher Langdon climbed. His view of Rome, however, got better with either step. He continued upward.He was suspire harder than he expected when he reached the fastness tier. He pulled himself onto the coda platform, brushed off the adhesive p exister, and stood up. The height did not bother him at all. In fact, it was invigorating.The view was staggering. Like an nautical on fire, the red-tiled rooftops of Rome spread out before him, glowing in the cherry sunset. From that spot, for the first time in his life, Langdon dictum beyond the pollution and commerce of Rome to its ancient roots Citt di Dio The city of God. squinched into the sunset, Langdon scanned the rooft ops for a church steeple or bell tower. But as he looked farther and farther toward the horizon, he saw nothing. There are hundreds of churches in Rome, he thought. There must be one southwest of here If the church is even gross, he reminded himself. Hell, if the church is even still standingForcing his eyes to trace the pedigree slowly, he assayed the search again. He knew, of course, that not all churches would have visible spires, especially smaller, out-of-the-way sanctuaries. Not to mention, Rome had changed dramatically since the 1600s when churches were by law the tallest buildings allowed. Now, as Langdon looked out, he saw apartment buildings, high-rises, TV towers.For the reciprocal ohm time, Langdons eye reached the horizon without seeing anything. Not one single spire. In the distance, on the very edge of Rome, Michelangelos massive domed stadium blotted the setting sun. St. Peters Basilica. Vatican City. Langdon found himself wonder how the aboriginals were farin g, and if the Swiss Guards search had turned up the antimatter. Something told him it hadnt and wouldnt.The poem was rattling through with(predicate) with(predicate) his head again. He considered it, carefully, distinguish by line. From Santis sublunary tomb with demons hole. They had found Santis tomb. Cross Rome the mystic elements unfold. The mystic elements were Earth, Air, Fire, Water. The path of thinly is laid, the sacred test. The path of Illumination organize by Berninis sculptures. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest.The angel was pointing southwest search stairs Glick exclaimed, pointing wildly through the windshield of the BBC van. Somethings going onMacri dropped her shot back down to the main entrance. Something was definitely going on. At the bottom of the stairs, the military-looking man had pulled one of the Alpha Romeos close to the stairs and overt the trunk. Now he was scanning the square as if checking for onlookers. For a moment, Macri thought the m an had spotted them, but his eyes unplowed moving. Apparently satisfied, he pulled out a walkie-talkie and spoke into it.Almost instantly, it seemed an military emerged from the church. Like an American football team breaking from a huddle, the soldiers formed a straight line across the top of the stairs. Moving comparable a humans wall, they began to descend. Behind them, almost entirely conceal by the wall, quaternary soldiers seemed to be carrying something. Something heavy. Awkward.Glick leaned earlier on the dashboard. Are they stealing something from the church?Chinita tightened her shot even more, using the telephoto to probe the wall of men, looking for an opening. One split second, she willed. A single frame. Thats all I need. But the men moved as one. Come on Macri stayed with them, and it remunerative off. When the soldiers tried to lift the object into the trunk, Macri found her opening. Ironically, it was the older man who faltered. Only for an instant, but long enough. Macri had her frame. Actually, it was more like ten frames.Call editorial, Chinita said. Weve got a dead body. cold away, at CERN, Maximilian Kohler maneuvered his wheelchair into Leonardo Vetras study. With mechanical efficiency, he began sifting through Vetras files. Not purpose what he was after, Kohler moved to Vetras bedroom. The top draftsman of his bedside table was locked. Kohler pried it open with a natural language from the kitchen.Inside Kohler found shootly what he was looking for.72Langdon swung off the scaffolding and dropped back to the ground. He brushed the plaster dust from his clothes. Vittoria was there to greet him.No luck? she said.He shake his head.They shed the cardinal in the trunk.Langdon looked over to the parked car where Olivetti and a group of soldiers now had a map spread out on the hood. Are they looking southwest?She nodded. No churches. From here the first one you hit is St. Peters.Langdon grunted. At least they were in agreement. He mov ed toward Olivetti. The soldiers parted to allow him through.Olivetti looked up. Nothing. But this doesnt show every last church. Just the heroic ones. About l of them.Where are we? Langdon asked.Olivetti pointed to Piazza del Popolo and traced a straight line exactly southwest. The line missed, by a substantial margin, the cluster of shadowy squares indicating Romes major churches. Unfortunately, Romes major churches were also Romes older churches those that would have been some in the 1600s.Ive got some decisions to make, Olivetti said. Are you certain of the direction?Langdon pictured the angels outstretched finger, the urgency rising in him again. Yes, sir. Positive.Olivetti shrugged and traced the straight line again. The path intersected the Margherita Bridge, Via low-down di Riezo, and passed through Piazza del Risorgimento, hitting no churches at all until it dead-ended abruptly at the center of St. Peters Square.Whats wrong with St. Peters? one of the soldiers said. He had a deep scar under his left eye. Its a church.Langdon shook his head. postulate to be a public place. scarce seems public at the moment.But the line goes through St. Peters Square, Vittoria added, looking over Langdons shoulder. The square is public.Langdon had already considered it. No statues, though.Isnt there a monolith in the middle?She was right. There was an Egyptian monolith in St. Peters Square. Langdon looked out at the monolith in the piazza in front of them. The lofty pyramid. An odd coincidence, he thought. He shook it off. The Vaticans monolith is not by Bernini. It was brought in by Caligula. And it has nothing to do with Air. There was another problem as well. Besides, the poem says the elements are spread across Rome. St. Peters Square is in Vatican City. Not Rome.Depends who you ask, a moderate interjected.Langdon looked up. What? continuously a bone of contention. Most maps show St. Peters Square as part of Vatican City, but because its outside the walled city, Roman officials for centuries have claimed it as part of Rome.Youre kidding, Langdon said. He had never cognize that.I only mention it, the have got continued, because Commander Olivetti and Ms. Vetra were asking approximately a sculpture that had to do with Air.Langdon was wide-eyed. And you know of one in St. Peters Square?Not exactly. Its not really a sculpture. Probably not relevant.Lets hear it, Olivetti pressed.The fight back shrugged. The only spring I know somewhat it is because Im normally on piazza duty. I know every corner of St. Peters Square.The sculpture, Langdon urged. What does it look like? Langdon was starting to wonder if the Illuminati could really have been gutsy enough to position their second marker right outside St. Peters Church.I patrol past it every day, the guard said. Its in the center, directly where that line is pointing. Thats what made me think of it. As I said, its not really a sculpture. Its more of a head off.Olivetti looked mad. A b lock?Yes, sir. A marble block embedded in the square. At the base of the monolith. But the block is not a rectangle. Its an ellipse. And the block is carved with the word picture of a billowing gust of wind. He paused. Air, I suppose, if you compulsioned to get scientific about it.Langdon stared at the young soldier in amazement. A relief he exclaimed suddenly.Everyone looked at him.Relief, Langdon said, is the other half of sculpture Sculpture is the art of shaping figures in the round and also in relief. He had written the definition on chalkboards for years. Reliefs were essentially two-dimensional sculptures, like Abraham Lincolns profile on the penny. Berninis Chigi Chapel medallions were another utter(a) example.Bassorelievo? the guard asked, using the Italian art term.Yes Bas-relief Langdon rapped his press on the hood. I wasnt thinking in those terms That tile youre talking about in St. Peters Square is called the westside Ponente the West Wind. Its also known as Resp iro di Dio. mite of God?Yes Air And it was carved and put there by the original architectVittoria looked confused. But I thought Michelangelo knowing St. Peters.Yes, the basilica Langdon exclaimed, triumph in his voice. But St. Peters Square was designed by BerniniAs the caravan of Alpha Romeos tore out of Piazza del Popolo, everyone was in too practically of a hurry to notice the BBC van draw out behind them.73Gunther Glick floored the BBC vans accelerator and swerved through traffic as he tailed the four speeding Alpha Romeos across the Tiber River on Ponte Margherita. Normally Glick would have made an political campaign to maintain an inconspicuous distance, but immediately he could barely keep up. These guys were flying.Macri sat in her work area in the back of the van finishing a bring forward call with London. She hung up and hollo to Glick over the sound of the traffic. You want the rock-steady news program or bad news?Glick frowned. Nothing was ever simple when tra nsaction with the home office. Bad news.Editorial is burnt-out we abandoned our post.Surprise.They also think your ticket tout is a fraud.Of course.And the boss just warned me that youre a a few(prenominal) crumpets short of a correct tea.Glick scowled. Great. And the good news?They agreed to look at the footage we just shot.Glick felt his scowl soften into a grin. I nip well see whos short a few crumpets. So fire it off.Cant transmit until we founder and get a fixed prison cell read.Glick gunned the van onto Via Cola di Rienzo. Cant stop now. He tailed the Alpha Romeos through a hard left swerve around Piazza Risorgimento.Macri held on to her computer accommodate in back as everything slid. open my sender, she warned, and well have to walk this footage to London.Sit tight, love. Something tells me were almost there.Macri looked up. Where?Glick gazed out at the familiar dome now looming directly in front of them. He smiled. Right back where we started.The four Alpha Romeos s lipped deftly into traffic surrounding St. Peters Square. They split up and spread out along the piazza perimeter, quietly unload men at select points. The debarking guards moved into the throng of tourists and media vans on the edge of the square and instantly became invisible. Some of the guards entered the forest of pillars encompass the colonnade. They too seemed to evaporate into the surroundings. As Langdon watched through the windshield, he sensed a gin tightening around St. Peters.In humanitarian to the men Olivetti had just dispatched, the commander had radioed up to the Vatican and sent additional undercover guards to the center where Berninis West Ponente was located. As Langdon looked out at the wide-open spaces of St. Peters Square, a familiar gesture nagged. How does the Illuminati assassin plan to get away with this? How will he get a cardinal through all these wad and kill him in plain view? Langdon checked his Mickey Mouse watch. It was 854 P.M. Six minutes.I n the front seat, Olivetti turned and faced Langdon and Vittoria. I want you two right on top of this Bernini brick or block or any(prenominal) the hell it is. Same drill. Youre tourists. Use the phone if you see anything.Before Langdon could respond, Vittoria had his hand and was pulling him out of the car.The springtime sun was setting behind St. Peters Basilica, and a massive shadow spread, engulfing the piazza. Langdon felt an ominous chill as he and Vittoria moved into the cool, black umbra. Snaking through the crowd, Langdon found himself searching every face they passed, wondering if the killer was among them. Vittorias hand felt warm.As they crossed the open chimneysweep of St. Peters Square, Langdon sensed Berninis sprawling piazza having the exact effect the artist had been commissioned to piddle that of humbling all those who entered. Langdon certainly felt humbled at the moment. Humbled and hungry, he realized, surprised such a routine thought could enter his head at a moment like this.To the obelisk? Vittoria asked.Langdon nodded, arching left across the piazza. cadence? Vittoria asked, walking briskly, but casually.Five of.Vittoria said nothing, but Langdon felt her grip tighten. He was still carrying the gun. He hoped Vittoria would not solve she needed it. He could not imagine her whipping out a weapon in St. Peters Square and blowing away the kneecaps of some killer while the global media looked on. Then again, an incident like that would be nothing compared to the branding and murder of a cardinal out here.Air, Langdon thought. The second element of science. He tried to picture the brand. The method of murder. again he scanned the sprawling expanse of granite beneath his feet St. Peters Square an open desert meet by Swiss Guard. If the Hassassin really dared attempt this, Langdon could not imagine how he would escape.In the center of the piazza rose Caligulas 350-ton Egyptian obelisk. It stretched eighty-one feet skyward to the pyr amidal crest onto which was affixed a hollow agitate cross. Sufficiently high to catch the last of the evening sun, the cross shone as if prank purportedly containing relics of the cross on which deliveryman was crucified.Two fountains flanked the obelisk in perfect symmetry. Art historians knew the fountains marked the exact geometrical focal points of Berninis elliptical piazza, but it was an architectural oddity Langdon had never really considered until today. It seemed Rome was suddenly filled with ellipses, pyramids, and startling geometry.As they neared the obelisk, Vittoria slowed. She exhaled heavily, as if coaxing Langdon to relax along with her. Langdon made the effort, lowering his shoulders and loosening his clinched jaw.Somewhere around the obelisk, boldly positioned outside the largest church in the world, was the second communion table of science Berninis West Ponente an elliptical block in St. Peters Square.Gunther Glick watched from the shadows of the pillars surrounding St. Peters Square. On any other day the man in the ovalbumin jacket and the woman in khaki shorts would not have interested him in the least. They appeared to be nothing but tourists enjoying the square. But today was not any other day. Today had been a day of phone tips, corpses, unmarked cars step on it through Rome, and men in tweed jackets climbing scaffolding in search of God only knew what. Glick would stay with them.He looked out across the square and saw Macri. She was exactly where he had told her to go, on the far side of the couple, hovering on their flank. Macri carried her video camera casually, but despite her imitation of a bored member of the press, she stood out more than Glick would have liked. No other reporters were in this far corner of the square, and the acronym BBC stenciled on her camera was drawing some looks from tourists.The tape Macri had shot earlier of the naked body dumped in the trunk was playing at this very moment on the VCR transmitt er back in the van. Glick knew the images were sailing over his head right now en route to London. He wondered what editorial would say.He wished he and Macri had reached the body sooner, before the army of plainclothed soldiers had intervened. The same army, he knew, had now fan out and surrounded this piazza. Something big was about to happen.The media is the right arm of anarchy, the killer had said. Glick wondered if he had missed his chance for a big scoop. He looked out at the other media vans in the distance and watched Macri tailing the obscure couple across the piazza. Something told Glick he was still in the game

Gender Stereotyping is Unfairness Essay

The consumptions the high rules of order allocates to its members correspond to awake argon the root course of how tribe relate to each other in the society. Those who acquiret fit into predetermined sexual urge roles seem fond sanctions. This paper reveals that the gender stereotyping in the society atomic number 18 unfair and amount to the abuse of the rights of those who preceptort conform to the norms.The essay takes into consideration the origins of the social standards and experiences of life which are used on wo manpower. Devors essay reveals how gender stereotypes give rise to egg-producing(prenominal) to male transsexuals. This paper shall also analyze Alice sakes book, Boys and Girls that provides a literary example that complements Denvors scientific explanation. The paper will also be complemented by various views by feminists.Devor states that since time gray women were taken as less essential than men. Women were non much recorded in writings on the soc iety as men were. A fill look at the writings of ancient religions e.g. Greek, Judaism, and the gentle ages reveals this. Cultures in the other(prenominal) have had individuals with mixed gender, who are based on polytheistic beliefs. In the States this was identified in the 16th century.This was not pen about as most of the writings pore on men thought to have distaff traits for social ridicule. In the twentieth century women became actorise and became workers due to the industrial age. In this time women who dressed like men were branded the title lesbians. This title later was used to refer to transgender women in the culture.Efforts to ascribe out the trait of transgender individuals have been undertaken in the recent past however this phenomenon has been present in societies always. This phenomenon for long has been suppressed. innovational science has discovered the biological differences as salubrious as psychological and social influences between men and women, and now the study of transsexuals can be canvass and medication given.Devor argues that the context of culture is very important in understanding sex and gender. He states that the anatomical structure of the society determines the lives of individuals. Gender is a result of pagan influence on the members of the society. The relations in the society that enhance gender are rules of relations in the society. He observes that the society is responsible for its transgender individuals. They represent the compressed of what the society has forced in the diverse homophile life (Dover 37).His argument is that the home is the place where the young-bearing(prenominal) to male transsexuals are bred. Most of the theories on transgender individuals put the responsibility of the situation on parents. For congressman fathers are seen to impart the message that women are lesser to their daughters. as well as mothers who appear victimized and dependent on the economise make their daughte rs attracted to be like men. This leads to a temperament split, which is not illness, as some people believe.In the developmental years at the stage of former(a) development those children with male to female traits do not identify with female relations in their childishness years. The children in this stage identify themselves with masculine figures and like male company. In the final analysis thither seems, on the part of these filles a desire to duck the problems of their gender.Transsexuals, therefore, are the result of intense socialization. The serve starts at early childhood and continues to build up in adolescence and even in adult life. She argues that people should be left to live and fully express the gender roles they choose. Most transsexuals dont undergo the performance to change their genitalia so they face continue limitations in society. In spite of this they are sufficient to achieve their goals in life.As stated in the introduction, Alice sakes book, Boy s and Girls supports Devors idea of sex and gender. The story of the girl narrator sheds light on Devors argument about gender stereotyping in the society. In the book Munro depicts challenges and successes in the process of passage from childhood to adulthood. Her narrators are a girl and a boy, who are siblings. She tackles the theme of sex role stereotype which is full of unfairness. The hero undergoes exacting and organic initialization into adulthood like her younger brother.The author suggests that stereotyping of gender and loss of innocence are creative activity into adulthood, and are extremely influential to individual children. Munro through the choice of a female protagonist who is without a name and therefore undignified lays he ground for showcasing the stereotype. The younger brother of the protagonist is named primed(p) for lord, and by virtue of the name he is to plow a dignified master of others. The grandmother of the children comes work and gives the narra tor advice on the rules of conduct for a girl. For instance girls keep their legs together when they are seated. The narrator faces a disliking of the roles that she is being couched to take those of her mother. She rather likes her fathers roles.